
\begingroup
\centering
\begin{tabular}{lcccccccc}
   \toprule
    & \multicolumn{4}{c}{\makecell{Patents \\ per 1,000 people}} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{\makecell{Breakthrough patents \\ per 1,000 people}}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-5}  \cmidrule(lr){6-9}
                                & $t-5$         & $t$           & $t+5$         & $t+10$        & $t-5$         & $t$           & $t+5$         & $t+10$ \\   
                                & (1)           & (2)           & (3)           & (4)           & (5)           & (6)           & (7)           & (8)\\  
   \midrule 
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel A: Least-squares estimates}} &  \multicolumn{7}{c}{}\\ \cmidrule(lr){1-9}
   Surname diversity            & -0.016        & 1.143$^{***}$ & 1.113$^{***}$ & 0.629$^{***}$ & -0.069$^{**}$ & 0.061$^{***}$ & 0.149$^{***}$ & 0.053$^{*}$\\   
                                & (0.274)       & (0.182)       & (0.219)       & (0.130)       & (0.032)       & (0.015)       & (0.033)       & (0.029)\\   
   Population                   & 2.631$^{***}$ & 3.679$^{***}$ & -2.454        & -2.484        & 0.216$^{*}$   & 0.728$^{***}$ & -1.543$^{**}$ & 0.327$^{***}$\\   
                                & (0.703)       & (0.597)       & (2.224)       & (1.622)       & (0.128)       & (0.100)       & (0.688)       & (0.076)\\   
    \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel B: Reduced-form estimates}} &  \multicolumn{7}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-9}
   Predicted surname diversity  & -0.196        & 0.675$^{***}$ & 0.538$^{***}$ & 0.404$^{***}$ & -0.064$^{*}$  & 0.044         & 0.092$^{**}$  & 0.038$^{*}$\\   
                                & (0.185)       & (0.161)       & (0.158)       & (0.116)       & (0.034)       & (0.030)       & (0.042)       & (0.020)\\   
   Predicted population         & 2.834$^{*}$   & 0.958         & -0.543        & -2.185        & 0.312         & 0.112         & -0.428        & 0.106\\   
                                & (1.480)       & (0.971)       & (1.779)       & (1.590)       & (0.333)       & (0.280)       & (0.670)       & (0.095)\\   
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel C: Instrumental-variable estimates}} &  \multicolumn{7}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-9}
   Surname diversity                     & -0.238        & 1.358$^{***}$ & 1.041$^{***}$ & 0.627$^{***}$ & -0.118$^{**}$ & 0.091$^{**}$  & 0.148$^{***}$ & 0.086$^{**}$\\   
                                         & (0.362)       & (0.248)       & (0.203)       & (0.141)       & (0.058)       & (0.043)       & (0.036)       & (0.040)\\   
   Population                            & 4.038$^{**}$  & 1.478         & -0.346        & -2.894        & 0.450         & 0.170         & -0.481        & 0.151\\   
                                         & (1.859)       & (1.509)       & (2.048)       & (1.933)       & (0.445)       & (0.424)       & (0.736)       & (0.134)\\   
\\
   Sanderson-Windmeijer \textit{F}-stat  & 250; 188      & 215; 300      & 156; 26       & 146; 70       & 250; 188      & 215; 300      & 156; 26       & 146; 70\\  
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel D: First-stage estimates}} &  \multicolumn{7}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-9}
& \multicolumn{4}{c}{Surname diversity} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{Population}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-5}  \cmidrule(lr){6-9}
   Predicted surname diversity  & 0.462$^{***}$     & 0.520$^{***}$     & 0.505$^{***}$     & 0.499$^{***}$     & -0.021$^{***}$ & -0.021$^{***}$ & -0.036$^{***}$ & -0.031$^{***}$ \\
                                & (0.032)           & (0.046)           & (0.045)           & (0.046)           & (0.005)        & (0.004)        & (0.010)        & (0.007)        \\
   Predicted population         & 0.045             & -0.028            & -0.251$^{*}$      & -0.072            & 0.705$^{***}$  & 0.674$^{***}$  & 0.812$^{***}$  & 0.739$^{***}$  \\
                                & (0.052)           & (0.059)           & (0.135)           & (0.078)           & (0.079)        & (0.049)        & (0.162)        & (0.090)        \\
    \\
   County-Surname fixed effects & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   Surname-Period fixed effects & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   State-Period fixed effects   & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   County-specific linear trends      & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   Observations                 & 14,611,518    & 19,482,024    & 14,611,518    & 14,611,518    & 14,611,518    & 19,482,024    & 14,611,518    & 14,611,518\\  
   \bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\par\endgroup


